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Vladimir Kotal
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user-access.tex

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\end{center}
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\vspace{2ex}
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\emsl{The fields, in order from left to right:} user name,
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\emsl{The fields, in order from left to right:} user name,
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hashed password (today in \texttt{/etc/shadow} or elsewhere), user ID (aka UID);
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primary group ID (aka GID), full name, home directory, login shell
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systems, e.g. FreeBSD or macOS, instead of \texttt{/etc/shadow},
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\texttt{/etc/master.passwd} database is used.
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\item If \texttt{/etc/shadow} does exist, it is structured in a similar way as
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\texttt{/etc/passwd}.
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\texttt{/etc/passwd}. The file is actually used as a database, storing e.g.
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number of unsuccessful login attempts for given user etc.
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\item There are also protocols used for authentication that do not use
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\texttt{/etc/passwd} at all, for example NIS (Network Information Service) or
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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol).

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