diff --git a/clippy_lints/src/set_contains_or_insert.rs b/clippy_lints/src/set_contains_or_insert.rs
index 688da33a1777..22790fb09d6a 100644
--- a/clippy_lints/src/set_contains_or_insert.rs
+++ b/clippy_lints/src/set_contains_or_insert.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 
 use clippy_utils::diagnostics::span_lint;
 use clippy_utils::res::MaybeDef;
+use clippy_utils::ty::expr_sig;
 use clippy_utils::visitors::for_each_expr;
 use clippy_utils::{SpanlessEq, higher, peel_hir_expr_while, sym};
-use rustc_hir::{Expr, ExprKind, UnOp};
+use rustc_hir::{Expr, ExprKind, Node, UnOp};
 use rustc_lint::{LateContext, LateLintPass};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Binder};
 use rustc_session::declare_lint_pass;
 use rustc_span::Span;
 use rustc_span::symbol::Symbol;
@@ -112,6 +114,45 @@ fn try_parse_op_call<'tcx>(
     None
 }
 
+fn is_set_mutated<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, contains_expr: &OpExpr<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>) -> bool {
+    let expr = peel_hir_expr_while(expr, |e| {
+        if let ExprKind::Unary(UnOp::Not, e) = e.kind {
+            Some(e)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    });
+
+    if let ExprKind::MethodCall(_, receiver, ..) = expr.kind
+        && let receiver = receiver.peel_borrows()
+        && let receiver_ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(receiver).peel_refs()
+        && (receiver_ty.is_diag_item(cx, sym::HashSet) || receiver_ty.is_diag_item(cx, sym::BTreeSet))
+        && SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(contains_expr.receiver, receiver)
+        && let Some(method_def) = cx.typeck_results().type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id)
+        && let method_fn_sig = cx.tcx.fn_sig(method_def).instantiate_identity().skip_binder()
+        && let Some(self_ty) = method_fn_sig.inputs().first()
+        && let ty::Ref(_, _, ty::Mutability::Mut) = self_ty.kind()
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    let child = expr.peel_borrows();
+    let child_ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(child).peel_refs();
+    if (child_ty.is_diag_item(cx, sym::HashSet) || child_ty.is_diag_item(cx, sym::BTreeSet))
+        && SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(contains_expr.receiver, child)
+        && let Node::Expr(parent) = cx.tcx.parent_hir_node(expr.hir_id)
+        && let ExprKind::Call(func, args) = parent.kind
+        && let Some(func_sig) = expr_sig(cx, func)
+        && let Some(set_index) = args.iter().position(|arg| arg.hir_id == expr.hir_id)
+        && let Some(set_ty) = func_sig.input(set_index).map(Binder::skip_binder)
+        && let ty::Ref(_, _, ty::Mutability::Mut) = set_ty.kind()
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
 fn find_insert_calls<'tcx>(
     cx: &LateContext<'tcx>,
     contains_expr: &OpExpr<'tcx>,
@@ -122,9 +163,14 @@ fn find_insert_calls<'tcx>(
             && SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(contains_expr.receiver, insert_expr.receiver)
             && SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(contains_expr.value, insert_expr.value)
         {
-            ControlFlow::Break(insert_expr)
-        } else {
-            ControlFlow::Continue(())
+            return ControlFlow::Break(Some(insert_expr));
+        }
+
+        if is_set_mutated(cx, contains_expr, e) {
+            return ControlFlow::Break(None);
         }
+
+        ControlFlow::Continue(())
     })
+    .flatten()
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/set_contains_or_insert.rs b/tests/ui/set_contains_or_insert.rs
index 575cfda139a4..6bba54bdb54a 100644
--- a/tests/ui/set_contains_or_insert.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/set_contains_or_insert.rs
@@ -164,3 +164,18 @@ fn main() {
     should_not_warn_hashset();
     should_not_warn_btreeset();
 }
+
+fn issue15990(s: &mut HashSet<usize>, v: usize) {
+    if !s.contains(&v) {
+        s.clear();
+        s.insert(v);
+    }
+
+    fn borrow_as_mut(v: usize, s: &mut HashSet<usize>) {
+        s.clear();
+    }
+    if !s.contains(&v) {
+        borrow_as_mut(v, s);
+        s.insert(v);
+    }
+}