feat: Add Splay Tree implementation to data_structures/trees/ for issue #13844

data_structures/trees/splay_tree.py

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# the_algorithms/trees/splay_tree.py
+
+
+class Node:
+    """A single node in the Splay Tree."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, parent=None, left=None, right=None):
+        self.key = key
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
+
+
+class SplayTree:
+    """
+    A self-adjusting Binary Search Tree (BST) that uses the splay operation
+    to move the most recently accessed node to the root of the tree.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.root = None
+
+    def _rotate(self, x: Node):
+        """Performs a single rotation (left or right) around node x."""
+        p = x.parent  # Parent of x
+        g = p.parent  # Grandparent of x
+
+        if p.left == x:  # Right rotation (x is left child)
+            p.left = x.right
+            if x.right:
+                x.right.parent = p
+            x.right = p
+        else:  # Left rotation (x is right child)
+            p.right = x.left
+            if x.left:
+                x.left.parent = p
+            x.left = p
+
+        # Update parent pointers
+        p.parent = x
+        x.parent = g
+
+        # Update grandparent pointer to x
+        if g:
+            if g.left == p:
+                g.left = x
+            else:
+                g.right = x
+        else:
+            self.root = x  # x is the new root
+
+    def _splay(self, x: Node):
+        """Moves node x to the root of the tree using zig, zig-zig, or zig-zag operations."""
+        while x.parent:
+            p = x.parent
+            g = p.parent
+
+            if not g:
+                # Zig operation (p is the root)
+                self._rotate(x)
+            elif (p.left == x and g.left == p) or (p.right == x and g.right == p):
+                # Zig-zig operation (x, p, g are all on the left or all on the right)
+                self._rotate(p)  # Rotate p first
+                self._rotate(x)  # Then rotate x
+            else:
+                # Zig-zag operation (x is left/right and p is right/left)
+                self._rotate(x)  # Rotate x first
+                self._rotate(x)  # Then rotate x again
+
+    def search(self, key):
+        """
+        Searches for a node with the given key. If found, the node is splayed to the root.
+        If not found, the last accessed node (parent of where the key would be) is splayed.
+        Returns the node if found, otherwise None.
+        """
+        curr = self.root
+        last = None  # Keeps track of the last node accessed
+
+        while curr:
+            last = curr
+            if key == curr.key:
+                self._splay(curr)
+                return curr
+            elif key < curr.key:
+                curr = curr.left
+            else:
+                curr = curr.right
+
+        if last:
+            self._splay(last)  # Splay the last accessed node if key was not found
+        return None
+
+    def insert(self, key):
+        """Inserts a new key and then splays it to the root."""
+        if not self.root:
+            self.root = Node(key)
+            return
+
+        # Regular BST insertion
+        curr = self.root
+        parent = None
+        while curr:
+            parent = curr
+            if key < curr.key:
+                curr = curr.left
+            elif key > curr.key:
+                curr = curr.right
+            else:  # Key already exists, splay it and return (or update value)
+                self._splay(curr)
+                return
+
+        new_node = Node(key, parent=parent)
+        if key < parent.key:
+            parent.left = new_node
+        else:
+            parent.right = new_node
+
+        self._splay(new_node)

data_structures/trees/splay_tree_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# the_algorithms/trees/splay_tree_test.py
+
+import unittest
+from splay_tree import SplayTree
+
+
+class TestSplayTree(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_insert_and_root(self):
+        """Test basic insertion and verify the splayed node becomes the root."""
+        tree = SplayTree()
+        keys = [50, 30, 70, 20, 40]
+        for key in keys:
+            tree.insert(key)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                tree.root.key, key, f"Expected {key} to be the root after insertion."
+            )
+
+    def test_search_and_splay(self):
+        """Test searching for an existing key and verify it is splayed to the root."""
+        tree = SplayTree()
+        keys = [50, 30, 70, 20, 40, 60, 80]
+        for key in keys:
+            tree.insert(key)
+
+        # Search for 20. It should become the new root.
+        found_node = tree.search(20)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(found_node)
+        self.assertEqual(found_node.key, 20)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.root.key, 20, "20 should be the root after search.")
+
+        # Search for a key that doesn't exist (99). The last accessed node (e.g., 80) should be splayed.
+        _ = tree.search(99)
+        # The exact last accessed node depends on the tree structure, but it should not be the original root (50)
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            tree.root.key, 50, "Root should change after unsuccessful search."
+        )
+
+    def test_empty_tree(self):
+        """Test operations on an empty tree."""
+        tree = SplayTree()
+        self.assertIsNone(tree.search(10))
+        self.assertIsNone(tree.root)
+
+        tree.insert(10)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.root.key, 10)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()