feat: Add new folder for basic math algorithms

Basic_math/Description.md

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+This Basic Math folder, designed to strengthen the mathematical foundation required for solving Data Structure and Algorithm (DSA) problems efficiently.
+The folder contains clean, beginner-friendly, and optimized implementations of some of the most essential mathematical algorithms that frequently act as building blocks in competitive programming, coding interviews, and algorithmic problem-solving.
+
+This Folder contains the following algorithm which is very important for every coder.
+
+1.Power of Two Check — Efficient method using Euclidean properties
+2.HCF & LCM — Fast calculation using Euclidean Algorithm
+3.Prime Numbers (Sieve of Eratosthenes) — Generate all primes up to n efficiently
+4.Divisor Calculation — Optimized O(√n) approach

Basic_math/Divisor.cpp

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+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+void findDivisor(int n){
+    cout<<"The Divisors of "<<n<<" are: ";
+    for(int i=1;i<=sqrt(n);i++){
+        if(n%i==0){
+            cout<<i<<" ";
+            if(i!=n/i){
+                cout<<n/i<<" ";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    cout<<endl;
+}
+
+int main(){
+    int n;
+    cout<<"Enter the value of n:";
+    cin>>n;
+    findDivisor(n);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+//Time Complexity: O(sqrt(n));
+//Space Complexity: O(1);

Basic_math/Hcf.cpp

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+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+int getHCF(int a,int b){
+    if(b==0) return a;
+    return getHCF(b,a%b);
+}
+
+int main(){
+    int a,b;
+    cout<<"Enter the value of a and b: ";
+    cin>>a>>b;
+    int answer=getHCF(a,b);
+    cout<<"The HCF of "<<a<<" and "<<b<<" is "<<answer<<endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+//Time Complexity: O(log(b));
+//Space Complexity: O(1);

Basic_math/Lcm.cpp

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+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+int getHCF(int a,int b){
+    if(b==0) return a;
+    return getHCF(b,a%b);
+}
+
+int main(){
+    int a,b;
+    cout<<"Enter the value of a and b: ";
+    cin>>a>>b;
+    int HCF=getHCF(a,b);
+
+    // LCM=(a*b)/hcf(a,b);
+
+    int LCM=(a*b)/HCF;
+    cout<<"The LCM of "<<a<<" and "<<b<<" is "<<LCM<<endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+//Time Complexity: O(log(b));
+//Space Complexity: O(1);

Basic_math/Power.cpp

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+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+int getPower(int a,int b){
+    int ans=1;
+    while(b>0){
+        if(b&1){
+            ans=ans*a;
+        }
+        a=a*a;
+        b/=2;
+    }
+    return ans;
+}
+
+int main(){
+    int a,b;
+    cout<<"Enter a and b: ";
+    cin>>a>>b;
+    int answer=getPower(a,b);
+    cout<<"The value of "<<a<<" to the power "<<b<< " is "<<answer<<endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+// Time complexity=O(log(b));
+// Space Complexity=O(1);

Basic_math/Prime.cpp

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+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+int countPrime(int n){
+    if(n==0) return 0;
+    int count=0;
+    vector<bool>prime(n,true);
+    prime[0]=prime[1]=false;
+    for(int i=2;i<n;i++){
+        if(prime[i]){
+            count++;
+            int j=2*i;
+            while(j<n){
+                prime[j]=false;
+                j+=i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return count;
+}
+
+int main(){
+    int a,b;
+    cout<<"Enter a and b :";
+    cin>>a>>b;
+    int ans1=countPrime(a+1);
+    int ans2=countPrime(b);
+    cout<<"The total number of prime number between a and b is:"<<(ans2-ans1)<<endl;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+//Time Complexity: O(nlog(log(n)));
+//Space Complexity: O(n);